1. What is Garret Hardin most concerned about?
The theory of the tragedy of commons that illustrates every individuals herdsman incentive to increase its profits at the cost of over exploiting the pasture.

2. How can "the commons" best be defined?
The resources that belong to no one (the oceans, the atmosphere, the rainforests, )

3. Are individuals who overuse "the commons" acting irrationally? Explain.
They are acting rationally because they maximise their own utility by adding one more animals to the pasture. However in the long run it is irrational to continue to over exploit the land because soon the land will become over grazed and be unusable to all herdsmen.

4. Besides the "common pasture", what other resources does Hardin identify as "commons"?
The oceans, National Parks

5. What are some of the possible solutions he suggests for the problems faced by America's National Parks?
Privatizing the parks, or keep them public but restrict the right to enter them.

6. How are air and water different from pastures, the oceans, and national parks in the "tragedy" presented by the common resources?
The national parks and pasture are easily privatized but there are areas of the ocean that are international waters and therefore much harder to privatize, and air is definitely in possible to do so.

7. What are some of the possible solutions Hardin suggests for the "cesspool" tragedy represented by the pollution of our air and water?
Taxing and strict laws that urge firms to internalize their costs so as not to damage the water or air with their waste.

8. How does the tragedy of the commons lead to market failure?
The individual herdsman wants what is best for him/herself and over allocates their resources, over exploiting the pasture in the process.